Most of you know the latest on the situation in Haiti itself, but a few ex pats, like Jessi Stit in Malawi, don't seem to get a lot of news so at the end on this entry you'll find an update.
The geologic situation in Hispaniola
[The following information is drawn from an article in Science, volume 327, 22 Jan 2010, p398, (go to www.sciencemag.org), and from USGS sources]
In 1979, a siesmologist named William McCann published a world-wide survey of the regions where there is a highest probablity of rupture of a fault in an earthquake. Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic) was identified as one of them.
The Caraibbean plate (South American side) and the North American plate slide past one another relentlessly at roughly 20 mm per year about a fault that passes through the southern edge of Cuba and along the southern edge of Hispaniola. This fault is much like the San Andreas fault in southen California. Unfortunately for Hispaniola, the two continental plates actually form two parallel faults here, one along the southern edge of the island, the other along the northern edge, pinning Hispaniola in a double grinding East-West twist.
A further misfortune of this double grinding is that it is causes relatively shallow earthquakes that create more physical damage than deep earthquakes. A third misfortune is that Port au Prince, much like Mexico City, is built on sandy sediments that fill a valley rather than on rock. When an earthquake hits, the sandy ground shakes like a bowl of jello. It actually behaves in a fluid-like manner grossly magnifying the shaking effect.
In the period of the 1700's there were major earthquakes along the southern edge of Hispaniola, in fact there was a 6.6 quake in Port au Prince in 1701. On October 18, 1751 a very large quake of 8.0 broke the fault in the southern ocean off shore to the East, the faulting then triggered a 7.5 quake in Haiti to the east of Port au Price, further breaking the fault on November 21. This quake destroyed Port au Prince. Then on June 3, 1770 another 7.5 quake occurred in the Port au Prince area, again destroying the city. In the early 1800's an 8.0 quake occurred on the northern fault in Haiti.
This is often the pattern, a part of the fault breaks and this transfers the stress in the fault to unbroken regions which may then eventually rupture in a domino effect.
In the aftermath of the 1751 quake 30,000 people died of hunger and disease.
As a result of the 1751 and 1770 quakes, at that time Haiti outlawed masonry house construction, allowing only wood construction. This obviously was not continued.
The 1770 earthquake of 7.5 magnitude formed the fault that partially broke this past January. The 1770 quake was five times more powerful than the 2010 quake.
In the past 240 years, the two plates have contined to march past each other at a steady 22 mm/year pace but locked together in Hispaniola and building up more and more unrelieved shearing stress in the Haiti-Cuba fault system. The plates have moved, more or less, 17 feet past each other with no major rupture to relieve the stress.
Dangerous times?
This earthquake on the scale of earthquakes was relatively moderate. Unfortunately, it may well be a precursor to an even larger one. The fault is a sleeping giant. After 250 years, is it turning in its sleep to get more comfortable for a while?
If you are interested in the seismology of the Caribbean, or your own backyard, I encourage you to go to the USGS site . You will see the Virgin Islands to the East are constantly active with small quakes, and appreciate why there is a volcano there.
Update for those expats living in caves:
Right now supplies and equipment appear to coming in at a fast rate. Monetary donations seem high.
The biggest issues look like the inability to move supplies inward from the airport and the absence of tents. Most people are still sleeping in the street, damaged housing or makeshift housing. Food supplies, medicine and water are getting in. There is an effort to move people into the countryside out of the city. Crime (looting) is beginning to increase in Port au Prince.
The seaport itself was heavily damaged but I think it has been repaired enough to take on some deepwater ships again. The roads are either full of debris, people or damaged and they have to use limited amounts of heavy equipment to move things. The injuries and inability to provide immediate health care, and destruction of most medical facilities is still a big issue. Over 100,000 people have been killed and buried in mass graves, or still are rotting in the streets and destroyed buildings. I imagine the toll will go higher.
There are bodies in the ruins and the potential for serious public health issues is great. Compounding this, as you may expect, there are many crushing injuries that require amputation, as well as head trauma. People remain untreated for long periods, leading to infection and gangrene; and the likelihood of poor/doubtful recovery. It was absolutely horrible to see seriously injured people all lined up on blankets lying on the sidewalk or in the courtyard of places where the few medical teams are. They may lay there for several days.
The US military has hospital ships off shore and are trying to meet some of the need.
Authorities are trying to move people out of Port au Prince into the country side to relieve the excessive crowding.
The infrastructure, as I can tell (water supplies, roads, etc) was already in very bad shape and now is basically worthless.
I have described it as if we are watching one of the twin towers collapse helpless to help - but in horribly painful slow motion. So much damage was done and the events have been launched in the area of health that can't be reversed, while we stand and watch holding all the medicine, equipment in our hands to help if we could.
I worry a lot about what will happen in Port au Prince - dysentery, cholera, etc, I may be the pessimist tho. I heard on PBS radio yesterday that the two major pre-existing medical problems in Haiti are tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. The Tuberculosis sanitarium was destroyed; much of the HIV/AIDs vectors were in the prison in town and that was destroyed and all the inmates have fled. People is the countryside who have HIV/AIDs are still managing to get to treatment but I can't speak for Port au Prince, itself. Other than the escaped prisoners, it appears many HIV/AIDS positive people are able to connect with treatment.
I immediately thought about heading down, looking for the right connection, but as I followed what is happening, I came to the realization, with some help from friends, I'd be in the way until I can connect with the right organization and we can get enough physical presence to create space to help. I think very soon it will be time to go though, and am still struggling with whether to take off and help or stay in seminary. Sometimes action is a better form of praying than sitting and studying.
I worry the most about whether this quake is a precursor to an even larger one in the relatvely near future.
Henry
Saturday, January 30, 2010
Thursday, January 14, 2010
Day 656 - The Text the Lectionary Avoids
I have resisted falling back onto “sermons” since I’ve been in seminary perhaps because I see the weaknesses in me that I so easily see in others. Nevertheless, the chaos in Haiti begs a connection to a biblical texts.
I think one is a very common text most of us might seize as justification to help Haiti. The other, to my knowledge, has never been part of the lectionary. I am going to be a little unconventional and ask that you review these texts in advance of my next blog entry.
What is unusual you will find when I’m done is how prescient these U.S. Senators were in 1974 when they introduced into the Senate a resolution to declare "a national day of humiliation, fasting and prayer;"
Mark O. Hatfield (R.-Ore.),
Pete V. Domenici (R.-N.M.),
Clifford P. Hansen (R.-Wyo.),
Paul L. Fannin (R.-Ariz.),
Dewey F. Bartlett (R.-Okla.),
Harold E. Hughes (D. -Iowa),
Jennings Randolph (D. -W. Va.),
Lawton Chiles (D.-Fla.),
John C. Stennis (D.-Miss.),
James B. Allen (D. -Ala.), J.
Bennett Johnston (D. - La.),
Sam Nunn (D. –Ga)
Readings:
The Pentateuch: The time of the Judges: Judges 21:25; and The Story of Jephthah’s Vow: Judges 11:1-40
(WARNING: Please be prepared for shock. The Jephthah reading is a loathsome text.)
The Gospel: Luke: 10:25-37 – Who is my neighbor?
If you have access to a good library, you may want to also look for an article by Phyllis Tribble: The Daughter of Jephthah, “Virgin in Gilead,” Chapter 4 in Text of Terror, Fortress Press, Philadephia (1984).
My next blog entry will be my exposition of the significance of these texts relative to not only Haiti, but also most of the interaction of our great country (and our denomination) in the world in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century.
Peace and Grace,
Henry
I think one is a very common text most of us might seize as justification to help Haiti. The other, to my knowledge, has never been part of the lectionary. I am going to be a little unconventional and ask that you review these texts in advance of my next blog entry.
What is unusual you will find when I’m done is how prescient these U.S. Senators were in 1974 when they introduced into the Senate a resolution to declare "a national day of humiliation, fasting and prayer;"
Mark O. Hatfield (R.-Ore.),
Pete V. Domenici (R.-N.M.),
Clifford P. Hansen (R.-Wyo.),
Paul L. Fannin (R.-Ariz.),
Dewey F. Bartlett (R.-Okla.),
Harold E. Hughes (D. -Iowa),
Jennings Randolph (D. -W. Va.),
Lawton Chiles (D.-Fla.),
John C. Stennis (D.-Miss.),
James B. Allen (D. -Ala.), J.
Bennett Johnston (D. - La.),
Sam Nunn (D. –Ga)
Readings:
The Pentateuch: The time of the Judges: Judges 21:25; and The Story of Jephthah’s Vow: Judges 11:1-40
(WARNING: Please be prepared for shock. The Jephthah reading is a loathsome text.)
The Gospel: Luke: 10:25-37 – Who is my neighbor?
If you have access to a good library, you may want to also look for an article by Phyllis Tribble: The Daughter of Jephthah, “Virgin in Gilead,” Chapter 4 in Text of Terror, Fortress Press, Philadephia (1984).
My next blog entry will be my exposition of the significance of these texts relative to not only Haiti, but also most of the interaction of our great country (and our denomination) in the world in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century.
Peace and Grace,
Henry
Day 655 - The Reality on the Ground
From what I've been able to piece together this appears to be possible or likely near term outcomes in Haiti.
From a social and medical perspective what has happened in Haiti must be considered something like the slow motion collapse of the World Trade Center towers. The triggering event has happened and we are helpless to avoid some bad consequences. Perhpas we can mediate them.
Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere according to some. It has always been food- and resource poor. 42% or more of the population is under 14 years old. The median age is 18.4 (CIA World Fact Book 2003). Right now these appear the facts:
1. There are thousands of dead - in the streets, inside collapsed building, walking.
2. There are thousands of injured - the majority recceiving little or no medical aid.
3. Many of the injured will die over the next few days.
4. There is a serious or absent clean water supply - epidemics are inevitable.
5. Medical supplies and personnel are virtually non-existent.
6. Apparently the remaining UN forces are the only ":law enforcement."
7. There is little or no food.
8. There appears to be an absence of significant amount of earthmoving equiupment.
This is a probably outcome over the next days and weeks:
1. Continual breakdown of order and increase in violence and civil unrest.
2. Epidemics of dysentery and other water-born diseases.
3. More deaths from disease and violence.
Therre are some mediating actions:
1. The US and other countries are marshalling aid.
2. Samaritans Purse has large capacity water treatment equipment and supplies rady to go upon authoroization to land at the airport. Samaritian's Purse appears in the most active response mode.
3. Search dogs and equipment apparently left from Los Angeles last night.
Observation
It looks to me like it is going to be a very dark time in Haiti, even if, by some miraculous step, our government takes charge and implements the water treatment equipment and medical support. We need to act, but if were travel to Haiti, assuming authorities would let us, we also need to think through logistics and medical strategies.
Remember, President Obama has just asked, or is about to ask, Congress for 700 Billion dollars ($700,000,000,000) for fighting and killing in Iraq and Afganistan, most of that could be used to save lives in Haiti. Likely our military forces are stretched so thin itwill be hard to repond to Haiti without reddeployment.
I have begun contacting aid agencies and personal contacts. I've gotten a couple volunteers already. Contact me here, on my Facebook page or by e-mail andhelp us work out a strategy.
If you think you may go at any time in the next year, immediately contact your physisican and begin hepatitis innoculations.
If and when we go, it is not going to be for the faint-hearted. It will be dangerous and fraught with risk. But what else would Christ have us do but help?
Peace,
Henry
From a social and medical perspective what has happened in Haiti must be considered something like the slow motion collapse of the World Trade Center towers. The triggering event has happened and we are helpless to avoid some bad consequences. Perhpas we can mediate them.
Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere according to some. It has always been food- and resource poor. 42% or more of the population is under 14 years old. The median age is 18.4 (CIA World Fact Book 2003). Right now these appear the facts:
1. There are thousands of dead - in the streets, inside collapsed building, walking.
2. There are thousands of injured - the majority recceiving little or no medical aid.
3. Many of the injured will die over the next few days.
4. There is a serious or absent clean water supply - epidemics are inevitable.
5. Medical supplies and personnel are virtually non-existent.
6. Apparently the remaining UN forces are the only ":law enforcement."
7. There is little or no food.
8. There appears to be an absence of significant amount of earthmoving equiupment.
This is a probably outcome over the next days and weeks:
1. Continual breakdown of order and increase in violence and civil unrest.
2. Epidemics of dysentery and other water-born diseases.
3. More deaths from disease and violence.
Therre are some mediating actions:
1. The US and other countries are marshalling aid.
2. Samaritans Purse has large capacity water treatment equipment and supplies rady to go upon authoroization to land at the airport. Samaritian's Purse appears in the most active response mode.
3. Search dogs and equipment apparently left from Los Angeles last night.
Observation
It looks to me like it is going to be a very dark time in Haiti, even if, by some miraculous step, our government takes charge and implements the water treatment equipment and medical support. We need to act, but if were travel to Haiti, assuming authorities would let us, we also need to think through logistics and medical strategies.
Remember, President Obama has just asked, or is about to ask, Congress for 700 Billion dollars ($700,000,000,000) for fighting and killing in Iraq and Afganistan, most of that could be used to save lives in Haiti. Likely our military forces are stretched so thin itwill be hard to repond to Haiti without reddeployment.
I have begun contacting aid agencies and personal contacts. I've gotten a couple volunteers already. Contact me here, on my Facebook page or by e-mail andhelp us work out a strategy.
If you think you may go at any time in the next year, immediately contact your physisican and begin hepatitis innoculations.
If and when we go, it is not going to be for the faint-hearted. It will be dangerous and fraught with risk. But what else would Christ have us do but help?
Peace,
Henry
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
Day 654 - Haiti
Friends,
I was going to post a blog on some theological issue of intellectual importance; but listening and observing on CNN the chaos in Haiti really reduced my motivation to do that to naught. This is a tragedy, one that may have long-lasting effect. What can we do to shape the outcome. To act now is a noble thing; to sit and watch while people die is a thing we hope to hide in darkness.
The problem there is appears overwhelming, far worse than Katrina. It is not clear what we can do immediately. There is a need for doctors, for medical supplies, for earthmoving equipment, for hands but there is need for compassion, for love, for perhaps nothing more than a hug and demostration of faith. Haiti was destitute, now it is going to be worse. Do not be deluded, it is a dangerous place.
Let's figure out what to do. Send me ideas and volunteers at: hgparis.com .
If PDA wants to let us help, great!, That is where we should start; but we have to rely on them. If it looks too bound up in administrative and procedural worries as we presbyterians are want to be, I'll find a way for those of us who can and are willing to help. There are several faith-based agencies already in motion.
I am ready to drop all I am doing here in Richmond and move to help, let's talk about what we can do. We need French-speaking people, we need selfless people. E-mail me, we will find the way to help.
Grace and peace,
Henry
I was going to post a blog on some theological issue of intellectual importance; but listening and observing on CNN the chaos in Haiti really reduced my motivation to do that to naught. This is a tragedy, one that may have long-lasting effect. What can we do to shape the outcome. To act now is a noble thing; to sit and watch while people die is a thing we hope to hide in darkness.
The problem there is appears overwhelming, far worse than Katrina. It is not clear what we can do immediately. There is a need for doctors, for medical supplies, for earthmoving equipment, for hands but there is need for compassion, for love, for perhaps nothing more than a hug and demostration of faith. Haiti was destitute, now it is going to be worse. Do not be deluded, it is a dangerous place.
Let's figure out what to do. Send me ideas and volunteers at: hgparis.com .
If PDA wants to let us help, great!, That is where we should start; but we have to rely on them. If it looks too bound up in administrative and procedural worries as we presbyterians are want to be, I'll find a way for those of us who can and are willing to help. There are several faith-based agencies already in motion.
I am ready to drop all I am doing here in Richmond and move to help, let's talk about what we can do. We need French-speaking people, we need selfless people. E-mail me, we will find the way to help.
Grace and peace,
Henry
Saturday, September 12, 2009
Day 513 - What was so good about yesterday?
I'm sure some one might wonder if the experience at the free clinic caused so much angst, what could be good about your day to say it was good?
The goodness about the day was being there and realizing were I to end up working with such a group after completing my seminary work, I'd find my "occupation" again being fun. In other words, my rule has always been, if you wake up smiling and you are heading to do something fun whose other name is "a job," your life is OK. This is one of the reasons I am drawn to people who find it easy to smile (yes I am thinking of Max's mom).
The goodness about the day was being there and realizing were I to end up working with such a group after completing my seminary work, I'd find my "occupation" again being fun. In other words, my rule has always been, if you wake up smiling and you are heading to do something fun whose other name is "a job," your life is OK. This is one of the reasons I am drawn to people who find it easy to smile (yes I am thinking of Max's mom).
Friday, September 11, 2009
Day 530 – On The Way Home
Some times the day just goes right, whatever “right” is. Sometimes it all turns about an insignificant thing. The day just jumps up and slaps you across the face. It is all one can say about it, the day went right.
Today was one of those days.
It was our Union service day. It is a day, something I admit with a little embarrassment, I really didn’t know existed even at a national level; a “day of service” to commemorate, or honor, or respect the people who lost their lives on September 11 in New York and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated morning. I heard on the radio that the Muslim world also has a one thousand day service period that ends today for the same reason.
All of us entering students at Union Theological Seminary (as well as a number of second, third year and doctoral students) met at Watt Chapel to situate ourselves in a “Day of Service.” I went with a group of my fellow students to a local “free clinic” not too far away.
I was taken aback by what I heard from the directors of the clinic. (Should I have, given my life in the inner city of Atlanta participating in the life of the congregation of Central Presbyterian Church?) This non-profit serves tens of thousands of clients in a year. It has a significant (numbering in the hundreds) clientele of HIV/AIDS cases they assist. I heard the Director of Medicine at a local university runs a large volunteer (free) practice at the clinic.
We didn’t spend but perhaps four hours there, hardly enough to make an impact except upon our own consciences. We divided into several groups. Some of the lucky of us went out and weeded the little grassy plots of ground (the clinic survives on volunteer donation so they can’t afford grounds keepers). Another group went down and sterilized hypodermic syringes in a valiant effort if not to stop drug use, to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS and other blood-born diseases such as hepatitis.
Yes, my first reaction was, “Are they suborning drug use?” Then I realized in a fit of rationality, they are in the trenches of the real world. They may slow or stop addiction via this, their counseling and case management outreach, but they can’t stop the immediacy of the present storm of real people walking in off the street strung out on the fangs of addiction, twisted and pulled by rationality to stop and compulsion for that next fix, real people who still have a glimmer of hope to avoid the slow death of AIDS/HIV.
So after they finished the sterilization, they sorted new age condoms, gels and various lubricants and other niceties related to the sexual reality of this world into “safe sex hand-out packs.” One of our party had to excuse themselves because of their discomfort. I have some empathy. It really was an acid feeling in my stomach. I thought especially as a child of the 1960’s, what depth of despair has our world sunk because of our rebellion? We are diminished as a people by this pathos.
My God, what hath we wrought upon ourselves?
We collected ourselves in the basement towards the end of our single half-day day mission and considered a few questions. One question was why do we serve others, these poor people who are literally the dregs of our society?
Many, if not all of us in one way or another, voiced an opinion that mimicked intentionally or not the discourse between Jesus and the lawyer of the Pharisees who asked, “Teacher, what is the great commandment of the Law?” Jesus answers, “You shall love the Lord, your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the greatest commandment. And a second is like it; you shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend all the Law and the prophets.” [Matt. 22:34-40]
It is true. All we can do is help anyone we can find the way home, knowing we ourselves will be welcomed at the door when we arrive.
Today was one of those days.
It was our Union service day. It is a day, something I admit with a little embarrassment, I really didn’t know existed even at a national level; a “day of service” to commemorate, or honor, or respect the people who lost their lives on September 11 in New York and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated morning. I heard on the radio that the Muslim world also has a one thousand day service period that ends today for the same reason.
All of us entering students at Union Theological Seminary (as well as a number of second, third year and doctoral students) met at Watt Chapel to situate ourselves in a “Day of Service.” I went with a group of my fellow students to a local “free clinic” not too far away.
I was taken aback by what I heard from the directors of the clinic. (Should I have, given my life in the inner city of Atlanta participating in the life of the congregation of Central Presbyterian Church?) This non-profit serves tens of thousands of clients in a year. It has a significant (numbering in the hundreds) clientele of HIV/AIDS cases they assist. I heard the Director of Medicine at a local university runs a large volunteer (free) practice at the clinic.
We didn’t spend but perhaps four hours there, hardly enough to make an impact except upon our own consciences. We divided into several groups. Some of the lucky of us went out and weeded the little grassy plots of ground (the clinic survives on volunteer donation so they can’t afford grounds keepers). Another group went down and sterilized hypodermic syringes in a valiant effort if not to stop drug use, to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS and other blood-born diseases such as hepatitis.
Yes, my first reaction was, “Are they suborning drug use?” Then I realized in a fit of rationality, they are in the trenches of the real world. They may slow or stop addiction via this, their counseling and case management outreach, but they can’t stop the immediacy of the present storm of real people walking in off the street strung out on the fangs of addiction, twisted and pulled by rationality to stop and compulsion for that next fix, real people who still have a glimmer of hope to avoid the slow death of AIDS/HIV.
So after they finished the sterilization, they sorted new age condoms, gels and various lubricants and other niceties related to the sexual reality of this world into “safe sex hand-out packs.” One of our party had to excuse themselves because of their discomfort. I have some empathy. It really was an acid feeling in my stomach. I thought especially as a child of the 1960’s, what depth of despair has our world sunk because of our rebellion? We are diminished as a people by this pathos.
My God, what hath we wrought upon ourselves?
We collected ourselves in the basement towards the end of our single half-day day mission and considered a few questions. One question was why do we serve others, these poor people who are literally the dregs of our society?
Many, if not all of us in one way or another, voiced an opinion that mimicked intentionally or not the discourse between Jesus and the lawyer of the Pharisees who asked, “Teacher, what is the great commandment of the Law?” Jesus answers, “You shall love the Lord, your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the greatest commandment. And a second is like it; you shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend all the Law and the prophets.” [Matt. 22:34-40]
It is true. All we can do is help anyone we can find the way home, knowing we ourselves will be welcomed at the door when we arrive.
Saturday, September 5, 2009
Day 524 - Postmodernity in the 21st Century
I have been reading the twenty plus books to get a head start for next semester. One of the books on pastoral care delves deeply into “postmodernity” and another also reviews it as a legitimate social criticism(!).
Postmodernity is an ill-defined, politicized concept. Even its proponents and “critics” of the school have found it difficult to provide a measured, operating definition of the term. From my recollection it is a concept the evolved out of the 1960’s student movement, a movement I would characterize at a superficial level by its nihilism and alienation towards our parents’ values and at a deeper level as fear of failing to meet the standard of our parents’ generation.
The generation of these parents was a childhood lived in the Great Depression, an adulthood dealing with the threats to their world in World War II and then the Korean War. It was the generation who finally came home to a world of relative modern comfort living in a cold war under the threat of nuclear destruction.
Some of you may have read one of Joseph Heller’s less appreciated but important novels, Something Happened.1 This novel captures the essence of the worldview of many of our parents. We are entirely too close to them to see that at least some of them were living in a post-traumatic stress syndrome in reaction to that whirlwind ride from the rural society of the early 1900’s, the unspeakable horror of World War II and the urban sprawl and world threats of their 1950’s and 1960’s society.
In the end, postmodernity may be as much a movement directed against American, and by extension, western values as anything else. While our culture has good reason for criticism, I am in a fair quest of a legitimate definition of postmodernity from its practitioners.
Edward Wimberly seeks to define postmodernity by defining “modernity” and essentially defining postmodernity as its opposite.2 He states modernity is characterized by (1) a Cartesian philosophy; (2) capitalism; (3) technology; and (4) science.
He further states these four matters have caused a massive “redefinition” of the mind of the disadvantaged, which has led to a pervasive nihilism that explains the current problems with the predominately African-American population of the inner city. He further states, “[modernity is] a social, theological transformation brought about by technology uprooting beliefs and values." Personally, I do not think the problem can be so narrowly defined as strictly an African-American matter.
In effect, Dr. Wimberly is defining postmodernity as a social movement of Luddites.3 The Luddites were a anti-technology social movement in England in the early 1800’s opposed to automation of textile mills. Dr. Wimberly goes further. He extending the concept to be essentially complete opposition to all elements of western society, a culture that he characterizes as a wasteland peopled by individuals living isolated, unconnected and dismembered lives seeking validation via the cultural norm of possessions.
A favorite word for postmodern critics is “deconstruct.” It is used in the manner that existing "norms" have to be "deconstructed" so they can be "reconstructed," presumably in a more effective "postmodern" form.
Often the comments of the late pop critic Marshall McLuhan on the media and its pervasive influence are used to define the postmodern “view.” One famous widely known quote about television and the media is “the medium is the message.”4 (As do many people, I think a lot of what McLuhan said about the media was remarkable prescient. McLuhan maintained every way we communicate is "the medium." In fact, I have to admit a lot of my critical comments benefit from the reality described by McLuhan, “We look at the present through a rear view mirror. We march backwards into the future.”5
From all this, I conclude that the postmodernity of these postmodern critics is a nihilistic liberation philosophy upset over virtually every aspect of our modern culture. In my mind postmodernity finds this definition most visible in its view of the arts.
I interpret this in regard to the arts to mean that art is to be reduced to what is accessible to and meaningful to each individual, in essence, “ Every one is an artist.” The natural extension of this idea is that if everyone is an artist there is nothing that is not a work of art6, or certainly no place for artistic criticism. Marshall McLuhan put it a bit more humorously when he said, “art is anything you can get away with.”7
Another underlying element of postmodernity is the ideal to be “global village, or a culture of living among and with others.” In a sense, this is an idea espoused by the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel.8 Marcel strongly believed we exist only in-relationship to others. He defined this as true “being.” Marcel, however much he struggled with the dehumanizing element of technology, would probably roll over in his grave if he were called a postmodern thinker. His thinking was far more sophisticated.
As mentioned earlier, I maintain (and remember) that postmodernity arose out our 1960’s student days when outraged by the draft, Viet Nam, the materialism of our society and the mores placed on us by our parents concerning sex, religion and race, we rebelled against virtually every element of our parents lives, and often choked on the largess they fed to us.
Perhaps standing at the apogee of postmodernity is The S.C.U.M Manifesto9 by Valerie Solanas published in 1967. S.C.U.M. stands for Society for Cutting Up Men. Among the gems in this manifesto are two particular points she makes in its beginning:
1. “Life in this society being at best, an utter bore and no aspect of society being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and destroy the male sex.”
2. It is now technically feasible to reproduce without the aid of males (or, for that matter, females) and to produce only females. We must begin immediately to do so. Retaining the male has not even the dubious purpose of reproduction. The male is a biological accident: the Y (male) gene is an incomplete X (female) gene, that is, it has an incomplete set of chromosomes. In other words, the male is an incomplete female, a walking abortion, aborted at the gene stage. To be male is to be deficient, emotionally limited; maleness is a deficiency disease and males are emotional cripples.
Even though she truly believed this miasma (and I intentionally left out her really blunt language), hardly any of us can see this as other than hyperbole drive by an internal struggle with cultural norms. Who burnt their bras? Who was so happy about the technical advance of, and to get that first prescription for birth control pills as a sexually liberating act? Maybe using that technology opened eyes to the real issues of sexual politics imposed on many women.
The sad thing about all this is that even in my textbooks postmodernity is viewed as a legitimate philosophical and theological perspective. In spite of the seemingly romantic element of being a young socialist seeking to deconstruct society, I would suggest that at best the anomie or alienation many of us experienced in the 1960’s and 1970’s was rooted in fear of the draft and the realization that our culture was grossly materialistic and we are part of it, perhaps psychologically in a terrifying fear and guilt that we would fail to achieve the greatness of our parents, or justify their sacrifices, as it was anything else.
We should face the facts. Most of us had a self-interest in being anti-establishmentarians and had little true altruism about it. Forty years later our predicament proves it. Essentially, Richard Nixon ended the "postmodern" movement when he replaced the draft with the lottery. A lot of postmodern thinkers with large lottery numbers suddenly got interested in other things, like getting out of college and finding a job. (My number was 161, I got an induction notice and was never inducted, but that is another story.) Unfortunately in the philosophical and artistic world there is a lot of inertia and they fail to remember McLuhan's assessment that we can only see the present in the past as we motor on looking backwards.5
Very few of my hotheaded radical friends from the 60’sand 70’s are living in poverty and fighting culture, most of them drive BMW’s, are presidents of their family companies, or are retired in their summer homes watching their bank balance, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and their stockpile of scotch and fine wines. In a facile argument, postmodern apologists might explain this unseemly retreat circularly that these folks(themselves) are victims of culture, a culture that redefined their values.
There will always be people who for good and bad will become engineers or scientists, human resources people, secretaries and groundskeepers working for companies that seek to build better weapons for war at a fat salary. In fact many standing in the pulpit are part of that chorus. Many Christians find it easy to justify war as did the noted theologian, St. Augustine. 10,11 but the chrous isn't one of unanimity. Sad as it is to admit, social and international struggle, and capitalism probably are a primary engine that drives technology; but that does not mean that motive has to be the true end of mankind.
I think perhaps "postmodern" folks like Dr. Wimberly miss (or conveniently ignore) the bigger picture. We have water purification technology that allows high purity water is almost any place on the globe, vaccines against hepatitis, pneumonia, whooping cough, measles, polio, some cancers and many more. We see HIV/AIDA vaccine on the near horizon - something desperately needed in the African world.
We may want to contemplate technology a little more critically. It provides artificial skin for burn victims, extracts tens of times more gasoline from a barrel of crude oil (yes we all need to stop driving so much), CAT scanners, MRI machines, industrial and mechanical engineering that has automated manufacturing to dramatically reduce the cost of goods, the burgeoning growth of standard of living conditions in China, India, Viet Nam, and Mexico that are leading to social revolution.
We may want to contemplate the growth of information technology that is allowing us to understand the code of the human gnome and may allow us in the near future to manipulate cell growth to cause a heart to heal itself from heart attack, or a liver to regenerate, or a body to start producing insulin again. Technology might well allow our children to live active, productive and healthy lives well towards the hypothesized natural lifespan of the human body of about 120 years.
Of course I should mention the media arts and ceramics, artistic disciplines that have benefited quite a bit from technology.
We may be surprised that the percentage of women enrolled in science and engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology is over 20% from 40 women in 1965. We may be surprised that Georgia Tech has an active program to recruit people in the arts and African Americans. At one time if not now, Georgia Tech led the nation in African-American enrollment. I expect these trends only to increase at every university. The doors are open.
* * *
Is this a technology tract I write? Am I wearing rose colored glasses? Hardly.
Will the technology be democratically dispersed, or will certain countries use it first? Almost certainly the latter will occur, but no one should doubt that the technology will diffuse rapidly. Then we will face a true theological crisis as our world rapidly fills up even faster with people draining resources.
Were we to allocate the amount of funds on clean water that we spent in Iraq over the last eight years there might well be no thirsty people, at least for water. That is our American sin.
Does anyone want to bet the innovations and threats to stabilty might well lead to the social and theological pressure that stimulates human exploration of enhanced agriculture, resource preservation, exo-earth migration and who knows what other kind of technical innovation? We may well be at the door step of the true “postmodern" era. It really depends on us.
The reality of technology is that we opened Pandora's Box a couple hundred years ago or more (think about Michelangelo). No one will pack technology away and turn back the clock. It is going to be used and unless we decide to jump in, understand and use it for our common good, we can count on it being used badly as often as well.
The reality of classical "postmodernity' is we outgrew it before it was ever more than an idea struggling for definition. It may well be a movement in search of a cause but it may also be the early voices of whatever future we are running backwards towards as fast as we can.
It is almost certainly true that we are entirely too close to the subject to know what the so-called postmodern world may look like. In my eyes, the current “postmodernity” is a burp in a social evolution driven by technological change wherein, theological and social elements must redefine the paradigm to maintain functional value both to their own belief and to guide an ever increasing technology-oriented culture.
The reality of a "reformed" theology would seem require determining how to apply its worldview to present time not just full of inventions and ethical choices inconceivable in its literal (3,000 year old) view,12 but of insight and understanding into the nature of consciousness inconceivable in its literal application. Are we to believe the God that made a world wherein such technology can exist did not intend us to learn from it and apply it and change with it?
I owe an honest word in defense of Dr. Wimberly. I do not want you to leave this essay thinking I do not respect and value his ideas (or those important ideas of the newer "reformed" theology). Edward Wimberly is not in that literal camp. He asks some very important questions although his rhetoric works against him.
Any one who doubts the unhealthy preoccupation of our social structure with dehumanizing elements such as pornography, materialism, corporate malfeasance and the loss of the extended family isn’t really being internally honest. I think we fail to recognize the counter-cultural power of theology and of many people asking the right questions to enforce positive change; and we may not acknowledge the very real loss of hope for a positive future if we do not. In the end we shape the world through our human values as long as God continues this "experiment."
Dr. Wimberly is talking about real people in need who are "living on the edge." I suspect most people live along a continuum of internalized worldviews bounded by two edges or extremes. It is easy to define the extremes where few of us actually live. The majority of us live somewhere along the line between them, the hurting live near its extremes.
One extreme is the externally directed person who holds the idea that “I am powerless in the face of society. The world/culture around me, its values, theology and politics delimit me. I cannot succeed because someone else has he power to control me.” Perhaps Michael Jackson comes to mind, or a crack addict.
The other extreme is the internally directed person who holds the idea that “I am powerful.” Nelson Mandela comes to mind but his positivism is redeeming and clearly not seated at the extreme. The “I am powerful” mindset views the world as a plastic thing that “I may shape and mold so as to achieve my objectives. My achievements depend solely on my actions and commitment to them.” It holds onto an idea that there is something of value within us that we are obligated to share with the world. I still advise my sons "be sure you leave the world with more than you took from it." Just be careful not to take the idea too far.
Both extremes have serious theological and practical problems, which is why few of us could survive in the extremes. But from a pastoral care perspective not to understand and not to be able to look through the lens of someone living in those extremes calling for help delimits one’s effectiveness as a giver of pastoral care.
When one reads Dr. Wimberly’s book carefully one sees Dr. Wimberly has identified and discussed a very important and legitimate need, the victim-culture of many in the African American lower income groups. However, I point out that the alienation he addresses isn’t specifically racial. Many people are so alienated and live on the edge.
Bibliography
1. Heller, Joseph, Something Happened, Alfred A. Knopf, NY (1974)
2. Wimberly, Edward P., African American Pastoral Care and Counseling, The politics of Oppression and Empowerment, The Pilgrim Press, Cleveland, 2006. See for example pages 131ff.
3. Several good reviews of the Luddite movement are available, see, for example, Sale, Kirkpatrick. Reading, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, (1996), or review the Wikipedia summary for other citations to begin an examination.
4. McLuhan, Marshall, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, MIT Press, Boston,1994 (a republication of the 1964 original)
5. McLuhhan, Marshal, http://thinkexist.com/quotation/the_past_went_that-a-way-when_faced_with_a/152841.html
6. Taylor, Mark. After God, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2007), Chapter 5, p. 216. Also refer to summaries of comments by artist Joseph Beuys.
7. McLuhan, Marshall, http://thinkexist.com/quotation/art_is_anything_you_can_get_away_with/215230.html
8. Gallagher, Kenneth, The Philosophy of Gabriel Marcel, Fordham University Press, New York (1962). See for example, chapter II.
9. Solanas, Valerie, SCUM Manifesto, AK Press, 1996. (Also available online at http://gos.sbc.edu/s/solanas.html.)
10. Benson, Richard, The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View, Tidings (2006).
11. For a good counter argument to the just war theory see, Brimlow, Robert W., What About Hitler, Brazos Press (2006)
12. A number of resources describe the so-called new "reformed theology" which its holders would call the "old" reformed theology. For a start one is referred to this web site: http://www.monergism.com/directory/link_category/Reformed-Theology/Essays/
Postmodernity is an ill-defined, politicized concept. Even its proponents and “critics” of the school have found it difficult to provide a measured, operating definition of the term. From my recollection it is a concept the evolved out of the 1960’s student movement, a movement I would characterize at a superficial level by its nihilism and alienation towards our parents’ values and at a deeper level as fear of failing to meet the standard of our parents’ generation.
The generation of these parents was a childhood lived in the Great Depression, an adulthood dealing with the threats to their world in World War II and then the Korean War. It was the generation who finally came home to a world of relative modern comfort living in a cold war under the threat of nuclear destruction.
Some of you may have read one of Joseph Heller’s less appreciated but important novels, Something Happened.1 This novel captures the essence of the worldview of many of our parents. We are entirely too close to them to see that at least some of them were living in a post-traumatic stress syndrome in reaction to that whirlwind ride from the rural society of the early 1900’s, the unspeakable horror of World War II and the urban sprawl and world threats of their 1950’s and 1960’s society.
In the end, postmodernity may be as much a movement directed against American, and by extension, western values as anything else. While our culture has good reason for criticism, I am in a fair quest of a legitimate definition of postmodernity from its practitioners.
Edward Wimberly seeks to define postmodernity by defining “modernity” and essentially defining postmodernity as its opposite.2 He states modernity is characterized by (1) a Cartesian philosophy; (2) capitalism; (3) technology; and (4) science.
He further states these four matters have caused a massive “redefinition” of the mind of the disadvantaged, which has led to a pervasive nihilism that explains the current problems with the predominately African-American population of the inner city. He further states, “[modernity is] a social, theological transformation brought about by technology uprooting beliefs and values." Personally, I do not think the problem can be so narrowly defined as strictly an African-American matter.
In effect, Dr. Wimberly is defining postmodernity as a social movement of Luddites.3 The Luddites were a anti-technology social movement in England in the early 1800’s opposed to automation of textile mills. Dr. Wimberly goes further. He extending the concept to be essentially complete opposition to all elements of western society, a culture that he characterizes as a wasteland peopled by individuals living isolated, unconnected and dismembered lives seeking validation via the cultural norm of possessions.
A favorite word for postmodern critics is “deconstruct.” It is used in the manner that existing "norms" have to be "deconstructed" so they can be "reconstructed," presumably in a more effective "postmodern" form.
Often the comments of the late pop critic Marshall McLuhan on the media and its pervasive influence are used to define the postmodern “view.” One famous widely known quote about television and the media is “the medium is the message.”4 (As do many people, I think a lot of what McLuhan said about the media was remarkable prescient. McLuhan maintained every way we communicate is "the medium." In fact, I have to admit a lot of my critical comments benefit from the reality described by McLuhan, “We look at the present through a rear view mirror. We march backwards into the future.”5
From all this, I conclude that the postmodernity of these postmodern critics is a nihilistic liberation philosophy upset over virtually every aspect of our modern culture. In my mind postmodernity finds this definition most visible in its view of the arts.
I interpret this in regard to the arts to mean that art is to be reduced to what is accessible to and meaningful to each individual, in essence, “ Every one is an artist.” The natural extension of this idea is that if everyone is an artist there is nothing that is not a work of art6, or certainly no place for artistic criticism. Marshall McLuhan put it a bit more humorously when he said, “art is anything you can get away with.”7
Another underlying element of postmodernity is the ideal to be “global village, or a culture of living among and with others.” In a sense, this is an idea espoused by the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel.8 Marcel strongly believed we exist only in-relationship to others. He defined this as true “being.” Marcel, however much he struggled with the dehumanizing element of technology, would probably roll over in his grave if he were called a postmodern thinker. His thinking was far more sophisticated.
As mentioned earlier, I maintain (and remember) that postmodernity arose out our 1960’s student days when outraged by the draft, Viet Nam, the materialism of our society and the mores placed on us by our parents concerning sex, religion and race, we rebelled against virtually every element of our parents lives, and often choked on the largess they fed to us.
Perhaps standing at the apogee of postmodernity is The S.C.U.M Manifesto9 by Valerie Solanas published in 1967. S.C.U.M. stands for Society for Cutting Up Men. Among the gems in this manifesto are two particular points she makes in its beginning:
1. “Life in this society being at best, an utter bore and no aspect of society being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and destroy the male sex.”
2. It is now technically feasible to reproduce without the aid of males (or, for that matter, females) and to produce only females. We must begin immediately to do so. Retaining the male has not even the dubious purpose of reproduction. The male is a biological accident: the Y (male) gene is an incomplete X (female) gene, that is, it has an incomplete set of chromosomes. In other words, the male is an incomplete female, a walking abortion, aborted at the gene stage. To be male is to be deficient, emotionally limited; maleness is a deficiency disease and males are emotional cripples.
Even though she truly believed this miasma (and I intentionally left out her really blunt language), hardly any of us can see this as other than hyperbole drive by an internal struggle with cultural norms. Who burnt their bras? Who was so happy about the technical advance of, and to get that first prescription for birth control pills as a sexually liberating act? Maybe using that technology opened eyes to the real issues of sexual politics imposed on many women.
The sad thing about all this is that even in my textbooks postmodernity is viewed as a legitimate philosophical and theological perspective. In spite of the seemingly romantic element of being a young socialist seeking to deconstruct society, I would suggest that at best the anomie or alienation many of us experienced in the 1960’s and 1970’s was rooted in fear of the draft and the realization that our culture was grossly materialistic and we are part of it, perhaps psychologically in a terrifying fear and guilt that we would fail to achieve the greatness of our parents, or justify their sacrifices, as it was anything else.
We should face the facts. Most of us had a self-interest in being anti-establishmentarians and had little true altruism about it. Forty years later our predicament proves it. Essentially, Richard Nixon ended the "postmodern" movement when he replaced the draft with the lottery. A lot of postmodern thinkers with large lottery numbers suddenly got interested in other things, like getting out of college and finding a job. (My number was 161, I got an induction notice and was never inducted, but that is another story.) Unfortunately in the philosophical and artistic world there is a lot of inertia and they fail to remember McLuhan's assessment that we can only see the present in the past as we motor on looking backwards.5
Very few of my hotheaded radical friends from the 60’sand 70’s are living in poverty and fighting culture, most of them drive BMW’s, are presidents of their family companies, or are retired in their summer homes watching their bank balance, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and their stockpile of scotch and fine wines. In a facile argument, postmodern apologists might explain this unseemly retreat circularly that these folks(themselves) are victims of culture, a culture that redefined their values.
There will always be people who for good and bad will become engineers or scientists, human resources people, secretaries and groundskeepers working for companies that seek to build better weapons for war at a fat salary. In fact many standing in the pulpit are part of that chorus. Many Christians find it easy to justify war as did the noted theologian, St. Augustine. 10,11 but the chrous isn't one of unanimity. Sad as it is to admit, social and international struggle, and capitalism probably are a primary engine that drives technology; but that does not mean that motive has to be the true end of mankind.
I think perhaps "postmodern" folks like Dr. Wimberly miss (or conveniently ignore) the bigger picture. We have water purification technology that allows high purity water is almost any place on the globe, vaccines against hepatitis, pneumonia, whooping cough, measles, polio, some cancers and many more. We see HIV/AIDA vaccine on the near horizon - something desperately needed in the African world.
We may want to contemplate technology a little more critically. It provides artificial skin for burn victims, extracts tens of times more gasoline from a barrel of crude oil (yes we all need to stop driving so much), CAT scanners, MRI machines, industrial and mechanical engineering that has automated manufacturing to dramatically reduce the cost of goods, the burgeoning growth of standard of living conditions in China, India, Viet Nam, and Mexico that are leading to social revolution.
We may want to contemplate the growth of information technology that is allowing us to understand the code of the human gnome and may allow us in the near future to manipulate cell growth to cause a heart to heal itself from heart attack, or a liver to regenerate, or a body to start producing insulin again. Technology might well allow our children to live active, productive and healthy lives well towards the hypothesized natural lifespan of the human body of about 120 years.
Of course I should mention the media arts and ceramics, artistic disciplines that have benefited quite a bit from technology.
We may be surprised that the percentage of women enrolled in science and engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology is over 20% from 40 women in 1965. We may be surprised that Georgia Tech has an active program to recruit people in the arts and African Americans. At one time if not now, Georgia Tech led the nation in African-American enrollment. I expect these trends only to increase at every university. The doors are open.
* * *
Is this a technology tract I write? Am I wearing rose colored glasses? Hardly.
Will the technology be democratically dispersed, or will certain countries use it first? Almost certainly the latter will occur, but no one should doubt that the technology will diffuse rapidly. Then we will face a true theological crisis as our world rapidly fills up even faster with people draining resources.
Were we to allocate the amount of funds on clean water that we spent in Iraq over the last eight years there might well be no thirsty people, at least for water. That is our American sin.
Does anyone want to bet the innovations and threats to stabilty might well lead to the social and theological pressure that stimulates human exploration of enhanced agriculture, resource preservation, exo-earth migration and who knows what other kind of technical innovation? We may well be at the door step of the true “postmodern" era. It really depends on us.
The reality of technology is that we opened Pandora's Box a couple hundred years ago or more (think about Michelangelo). No one will pack technology away and turn back the clock. It is going to be used and unless we decide to jump in, understand and use it for our common good, we can count on it being used badly as often as well.
The reality of classical "postmodernity' is we outgrew it before it was ever more than an idea struggling for definition. It may well be a movement in search of a cause but it may also be the early voices of whatever future we are running backwards towards as fast as we can.
It is almost certainly true that we are entirely too close to the subject to know what the so-called postmodern world may look like. In my eyes, the current “postmodernity” is a burp in a social evolution driven by technological change wherein, theological and social elements must redefine the paradigm to maintain functional value both to their own belief and to guide an ever increasing technology-oriented culture.
The reality of a "reformed" theology would seem require determining how to apply its worldview to present time not just full of inventions and ethical choices inconceivable in its literal (3,000 year old) view,12 but of insight and understanding into the nature of consciousness inconceivable in its literal application. Are we to believe the God that made a world wherein such technology can exist did not intend us to learn from it and apply it and change with it?
I owe an honest word in defense of Dr. Wimberly. I do not want you to leave this essay thinking I do not respect and value his ideas (or those important ideas of the newer "reformed" theology). Edward Wimberly is not in that literal camp. He asks some very important questions although his rhetoric works against him.
Any one who doubts the unhealthy preoccupation of our social structure with dehumanizing elements such as pornography, materialism, corporate malfeasance and the loss of the extended family isn’t really being internally honest. I think we fail to recognize the counter-cultural power of theology and of many people asking the right questions to enforce positive change; and we may not acknowledge the very real loss of hope for a positive future if we do not. In the end we shape the world through our human values as long as God continues this "experiment."
Dr. Wimberly is talking about real people in need who are "living on the edge." I suspect most people live along a continuum of internalized worldviews bounded by two edges or extremes. It is easy to define the extremes where few of us actually live. The majority of us live somewhere along the line between them, the hurting live near its extremes.
One extreme is the externally directed person who holds the idea that “I am powerless in the face of society. The world/culture around me, its values, theology and politics delimit me. I cannot succeed because someone else has he power to control me.” Perhaps Michael Jackson comes to mind, or a crack addict.
The other extreme is the internally directed person who holds the idea that “I am powerful.” Nelson Mandela comes to mind but his positivism is redeeming and clearly not seated at the extreme. The “I am powerful” mindset views the world as a plastic thing that “I may shape and mold so as to achieve my objectives. My achievements depend solely on my actions and commitment to them.” It holds onto an idea that there is something of value within us that we are obligated to share with the world. I still advise my sons "be sure you leave the world with more than you took from it." Just be careful not to take the idea too far.
Both extremes have serious theological and practical problems, which is why few of us could survive in the extremes. But from a pastoral care perspective not to understand and not to be able to look through the lens of someone living in those extremes calling for help delimits one’s effectiveness as a giver of pastoral care.
When one reads Dr. Wimberly’s book carefully one sees Dr. Wimberly has identified and discussed a very important and legitimate need, the victim-culture of many in the African American lower income groups. However, I point out that the alienation he addresses isn’t specifically racial. Many people are so alienated and live on the edge.
Bibliography
1. Heller, Joseph, Something Happened, Alfred A. Knopf, NY (1974)
2. Wimberly, Edward P., African American Pastoral Care and Counseling, The politics of Oppression and Empowerment, The Pilgrim Press, Cleveland, 2006. See for example pages 131ff.
3. Several good reviews of the Luddite movement are available, see, for example, Sale, Kirkpatrick. Reading, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, (1996), or review the Wikipedia summary for other citations to begin an examination.
4. McLuhan, Marshall, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, MIT Press, Boston,1994 (a republication of the 1964 original)
5. McLuhhan, Marshal, http://thinkexist.com/quotation/the_past_went_that-a-way-when_faced_with_a/152841.html
6. Taylor, Mark. After God, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2007), Chapter 5, p. 216. Also refer to summaries of comments by artist Joseph Beuys.
7. McLuhan, Marshall, http://thinkexist.com/quotation/art_is_anything_you_can_get_away_with/215230.html
8. Gallagher, Kenneth, The Philosophy of Gabriel Marcel, Fordham University Press, New York (1962). See for example, chapter II.
9. Solanas, Valerie, SCUM Manifesto, AK Press, 1996. (Also available online at http://gos.sbc.edu/s/solanas.html.)
10. Benson, Richard, The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View, Tidings (2006).
11. For a good counter argument to the just war theory see, Brimlow, Robert W., What About Hitler, Brazos Press (2006)
12. A number of resources describe the so-called new "reformed theology" which its holders would call the "old" reformed theology. For a start one is referred to this web site: http://www.monergism.com/directory/link_category/Reformed-Theology/Essays/
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